Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after actively trying for a certain period of time, typically one year for couples under the age of 35, and six months for couples over the age of 35. Most healthy couples (8 out of 10) will conceive within this timeframe if they have regular, unprotected intercourse. The incidence of infertility is quite high, with approximately one in every six couples experiencing challenges when trying to conceive. It could either be female factor, male factor or a combination of both. The common causes are ovulation disorders, hormonal imbalances, issues with sperm production or function, tubal factors, uterine abnormalities, and age-related factors. When a couple is not successful in conceiving after one year of trying, it is important for them to seek evaluation and guidance from a healthcare provider specializing in infertility. Both partners should undergo a comprehensive fertility assessment, which may include medical history review, physical examinations, hormonal testing, imaging studies, and semen analysis. Depending on the results of the evaluation, treatment options for infertility may vary. These could include lifestyle modifications, medication to induce ovulation, surgical interventions to correct anatomical issues, intrauterine insemination (IUI), or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). Fertility experts can provide personalized care, guidance, and support throughout the fertility journey, helping couples navigate the emotional and physical challenges associated with infertility and increase their chances of achieving a successful pregnancy.
The sonographer freezes the image and places calipers on a thin black line at the back of the baby’s neck. The screen shows a number in millimetres. A second click saves the frame. This measurement window is short. Miss it by a couple of weeks and the same scan stops answering
A small plastic tube lies on the instrument tray in many gynaecology clinics today. It is thin, flexible, and about the length of a pencil. It is used to take a tiny sample from inside the uterus. That sample goes into a bottle, then to a lab, then onto a glass slide.
A nurse lifts a vial from a cold box, checks the label, and logs it before drawing the dose. The vial is kept cold because heat can weaken vaccines, so storage becomes part of safety. This “system thinking” entered routine care after the WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization
A thin telescope-like tube rests on a tray next to a bag of clear fluid and a light cable. In the procedure room, the tube goes through the cervix into the uterus so the doctor can see the uterine lining directly on a screen. That “direct view” idea is the real mileston