Common Causes of Infertility in Men & Women: Explained

Jul 14, 2025

For many couples, starting a family is a dream they deeply cherish. But when pregnancy doesn’t happen despite months of trying, it can be confusing and emotionally draining. If you have been having regular, unprotected intercourse for over a year (or six months if the woman is over 35) and still haven’t conceived, it may be time to explore the possibility of infertility. Infertility is a medical condition that can affect either partner or sometimes both. In women, it might be linked to ovulation problems, hormone imbalances, or conditions affecting the uterus or fallopian tubes. In men, it often relates to sperm quality or count. In this article, we will walk you through some of the most common causes of infertility in men and women, and how timely care can help you move forward with hope.

Understanding Infertility

Infertility simply means difficulty in getting pregnant after a period of regular, unprotected intercourse. While the causes can vary widely, the most important thing to know is you are not alone. Millions of couples face similar struggles, and with medical advancements, many go on to have healthy pregnancies.

What Causes Infertility in Women?

Several underlying health issues can interfere with a woman’s ability to conceive. Here are some of the most common causes:

Ovulation Disorders

Many women struggle with irregular or absent ovulation, meaning the ovaries don't release an egg each month. Conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), thyroid imbalances, or high prolactin levels can affect this delicate process.

Age and Egg Health

As women grow older, particularly after 35, the number and quality of their eggs decline. This can make conception harder and raise the risk of miscarriage or genetic issues in the baby.

Blocked or Damaged Fallopian Tubes

20-30% of worldwide infertilities are caused by fallopian tube related infertility.
A fallopian tube is a channel connecting an ovary to the womb. It is where the sperm meets the egg for fertilization. The fertilized egg must move to the uterus through the fallopian tube for successful pregnancy.
If the fallopian tubes are completely blocked, the egg and sperm can’t meet. This is a common but treatable cause of infertility. On the other hand, if the tube is partially blocked or damaged, an egg can still be fertilized by sperm. But the fertilized egg might not be able to travel to the uterus as it normally would. When this happens, the fertilized egg can get stuck in the tube. This is dangerous and not a viable pregnancy. It needs urgent medical attention.
Fallopian tubes are often blocked or damaged due to pelvic infections, endometriosis, or past surgeries

Endometriosis

This is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside it, leading to inflammation, scarring, and fertility problems. It can also affect the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

Uterine or Cervical Problems

Fibroids, polyps, or abnormalities in the uterus may prevent the fertilised egg from implanting. Cervical issues can also hinder sperm from reaching the egg.

What Causes Infertility in Men?

Male infertility is just as important to assess and often easier to diagnose. It usually revolves around the quantity or quality of sperm. Some key causes include:

Low Sperm Count (Oligospermia)

A sperm count below 15 million per millilitre can make fertilisation difficult. Lifestyle habits, infections, or medical conditions might play a role.

Poor Sperm Motility and Shape

Even if sperm count is normal, they need to swim effectively and be well-formed to reach and fertilise the egg.

Varicocele

This is a swelling of veins inside the scrotum, a common and treatable cause of infertility that can impair sperm production.

Hormonal Issues

Low testosterone or imbalances in thyroid or pituitary hormones can reduce sperm production.

Blockages or Injuries

Some men may have blockages from birth or due to injury or surgery (like vasectomy), which prevent sperm from being released.

Shared Lifestyle and Health Factors

Some issues can affect fertility in both men and women:

Unhealthy weight (either underweight or obesity)

Smoking, alcohol use, or recreational drugs

Excessive stress

Environmental toxins or radiation exposure

Chronic illnesses like diabetes or autoimmune disorders

Long-term use of certain medications, such as chemotherapy drugs or steroids

When Should You See a Fertility Specialist?

If you have been trying to conceive for a year or six months without success and if you are over 35 years of age, it’s time to talk to a doctor. Early intervention can make a world of difference. You should also consider seeking help if:

A woman has irregular periods or known gynaecological issues

A man has had testicular surgery, trauma, or sexual health concerns

Either partner has a history of infections or STDs

If there is a known hereditary or genetic condition in the family

How Rainbow Hospitals Can Help You?

At Rainbow Hospitals, we know how personal and emotional the journey to parenthood can be. That is why our infertility specialist’s combine advanced diagnostics with deeply compassionate care. Whether you need help with basic treatments like ovulation induction or more complex assisted reproductive procedures such as IVF, ICSI, or egg donation, we build every treatment plan around your specific needs.
To book a consultation or get more information, please call:

FAQs:

1. How do I know if I’m infertile?

If you’ve been trying to get pregnant for over 12 months (or 6 months if you're over 35) with regular unprotected sex and haven’t conceived, it’s a good idea to get evaluated. Signs like irregular periods, no periods, or known medical conditions could also point to fertility issues.

2. What are the most common signs of infertility in men?

Many men don’t notice symptoms until they try to conceive. However, signs may include low sex drive, erectile dysfunction, pain or swelling in the testicles, or a history of surgery or injury. A semen analysis is often the first step in checking male fertility.

3. Can lifestyle changes improve fertility naturally?

Yes. For both men and women, maintaining a healthy weight, reducing stress, avoiding smoking, alcohol, and drugs, and eating a balanced diet can boost fertility. But if you’ve already been trying to conceive for a while, it’s best to consult a specialist.

Disclaimer:
The information provided in this blog is for general informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition, symptoms, or treatment options. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay seeking it because of something you have read here.

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Common Causes of Infertility in Men & Women: Explained

Understanding Infertility